fanciful elaboration of, ref 1, ref 2n, ref 3, ref 4, ref Cleave’s desire for simplicity led him to theorize that any cluster of diseases so intimately associated must have a single underlying cause. Darwin’s theory of evolution led Cleave to believe that endemic chronic disease must be caused by a relatively rapid change in our environment to which we had not yet adapted. He called this idea “The Law of Adaptation”: species require “an adequate period oftime for adaptation to take place to any unnatural (i.e., new) feature in the environment,” he wrote, “so that any danger in the feature should be assessed by how long it has been there.” The refining of carbohydrates represented the most dramatic change in human nutrition since the introduction of agriculture. “Whereas cooking has been going on in the human race for probably 200,000 years,” Cleave said, “there is no question yet of our being adapted to the concentration of carbohydrates…. Such processes have been in existence little more than a century for the ordinary man and from an evolutionary point of view this counts as nothing at all.” Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C.,& Blanchard, R. (2007). Gender and sexual orientation differences in sexual response to sexual activities versus gender in sexual films.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1108–1121. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.93.6.1108 Grundy, S. M., B. Hansen, S. C. Smith, Jr., J. I. Cleeman, and R. A. Kahn. 2004.“Clinical Management of Metabolic Syndrome—Report of the American Heart Association/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Diabetes Association Conference on Scientific Issues Related to Management.”Circulation. Feb. 3; 109(4):551–56.